5. COX-2 inhibitors – Drugs like valdecoxib, rofecoxib, and celecoxib were designed to be gentler on the stomach than traditional NSAIDs. However, they carry similar kidney risks. (Rofecoxib and valdecoxib were later withdrawn due to cardiovascular side effects.)

6. Chemotherapy and immune-related drugs – Medications such as quinine, interferons, cisplatin, carboplatin, pamidronate, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mitomycin C, and bevacizumab can put strain on the kidneys. Treatments for thyroid problems, like propylthiouracil, may also have an impact.

7. Blood pressure medications – Certain drugs prescribed for hypertension, such as captopril, have been associated with kidney complications.

8. Heartburn medications – Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like pantoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, and rabeprazole, though widely used, may pose risks if taken long term.

9. Mood stabilizers – Lithium, a well-known treatment for bipolar disorder, is also linked to kidney damage with prolonged use.

10. Other medications – Infliximab, prescribed for arthritis, as well as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, often used for malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus, can potentially affect kidney health.